Chapter 13

Copyright and Fair Use

The Educator's Guide to Copyright and Fair Use

When it comes to copyright law and the application of fair use exceptions, ignorance is definitely not bliss! Learn how to educate yourselves and your students and avoid making a costly mistake!

You really did plan to find time over the summer to familiarize yourself with the latest information on copyright law. You absolutely intended to look up the fair use guidelines for using technology resources. You truly meant to create a classroom copyright policy, locate agencies that grant permissions to use copyrighted materials, write a template for a permission request form, and locate sites to teach students about the value of original work and the societal benefits of obeying copyright laws. You just had a few other things to do.

So now you have a student who wants to include audio of a Beatles song in a multimedia presentation about the 1960s, another who wants to include the poem "Casey at the Bat" in a report on the World Series, and a third who wants to post photographs of Biden and Obama to the class Web site.

What's an educator to do? Read Education World's five-part series on copyright, fair use, and new technologies, that's what! We did the work so you wouldn't have to!

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Chapter 12

Knowledge Management

Nike knowledge Management

1. What is knowledge managementNot a solution.
Complements other organizational initiatives like TQM and Business Process Re-engineering by making use of the know-how and expertise available to the company.
Two-fold process:
Management of knowledge assets.
Management of processes for creating, organizing, transferring, sharing, and using knowledge throughout the organization.
Development of processes to link knowledge requirements to business strategies.
To plan for, generate, represent and provide access to individual and organizational knowledge.
In more common language, knowledge management is:
Managing what is known
How well it is known
Who knows it
How it is applied
How it can be leveraged and used
3. Explicit knowledgeRecorded, consisting of written text, reports, documents, databases, and websites.
Codified and can be classified through a database, website listing or other means of access.
Rule-based or object-based.
Using symbols, explicit knowledge can be easily communicated between groups or individuals.
2. Tacit knowledgeResides in individual’s memories.
Built from personal experience and know-how from experience.
Also values, ideas, bias, preconceptions, assumptions, believes, habits, etc.
Expressed through action-based skills.
If captured, the knowledge is no longer tacit.
4. Cultural knowledgeAwareness of the organizational culture that exists within a company.
Shared assumptions about business practices, goals, capabilities, competitors, customers, etc.
"An organization's cultural knowledge consists of the beliefs it holds to be true based on experience, observation, and reflection about itself and its environment." (Choo, 2002)
5. Nonaka and Takeuchi’s Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge CreationTacit-to-tacit (socialization) where individuals directly share and test knowledge.
Examples: discussions over coffee or lunch, or those discussions at the water cooler, job shadowing, project management orientation, etc.
Tacit-to-explicit (externalization) the transfer of knowledge into a tangible form through documentation or discussion.
Examples: idea generation, concept design, new product development, writing a report, etc.
Explicit-to-tacit (internalization) where individuals internalize knowledge from documents, discussion or learning into their own body of knowledge.
Examples: studying a sales report, the employee manual, technical paper, etc.
Explicit-to-explicit (combination) combining different forms of explicit knowledge such as documents or databases.
Examples: preparation of documents, methodologies, tools, and templates, etc. from other reports.


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Chapter 11

Information systems 

Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved.

Examples of information systems in organization

Computer Science

Researching Next Generation Software Concepts

We drive long term differentiation for Samsung platforms such as phones, TVs, set top boxes, etc. by combining the best of computer science with Consumer Electronics (CE). Our objective is to research and develop next generation software concepts to make the Samsung platform the CE platform of choice. Our research involves building prototypes to validate our idea. Our motto is 'Innovate by Doing'. Our current research areas include System Research, Advanced Browser Technology and Intelligent Storage Architecture.

System Research

We perform fundamental research in language, compiler and operating system technologies for future business platforms. Current work includes the development of parallel languages for multicore and manycore embedded systems, as well as parallel run-times/operating systems that provide significant improvements in performance and scalability over existing monolithic solutions. New directions include the use of microkernel-based operating systems to build scalable and transparent distributed processing, as well as intelligent run-time systems that provide architecture-aware and context-aware performance optimization.

Advanced Browser Technology

HTML5 and other new additions to web technology make web programming an attractive alternative to native programming for devices such as smartphones, tablets and DTVs. Our mission is to enhance the web platform on Samsung devices by extending core web technologies from multiple perspectives, including performance, security and user interface / user experience. Our current work covers a variety of topics such as hardware acceleration to boost application performance, new security models for web applications and new JavaScript APIs and frameworks.

Intelligent Storage Architecture

Data-intensive applications have been posing increasing challenges to storage systems over the past decade. An inflection point has now been reached, requiring new storage architectures for these applications. Our mission is to conduct research to identify technologies and architecture for future zetta-scale storage systems and to build prototype systems for data-intensive applications. Our current work includes developing models for advanced storage, networking and system software technologies. We develop an architectural simulator for scalable distributed storage systems and validate the simulation results on a real test bed.

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Chapter 10

Information Technology

Some of the advantages of information technology include:

Globalization - IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other.

Communication - With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing.

Cost effectiveness - Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions.

Bridging the cultural gap - Information technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice.

More time - IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle.

Creation of new jobs - Probably the best advantage of information technology is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware and Software developers and Web designers are just some of the many new employment opportunities created with the help of IT.

Some disadvantages of information technology include:

Unemployment - While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also crated job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed.

Privacy - Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge.

Lack of job security - Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure.

Dominant culture - While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else.

Chapter 8

How do search engines work ?

Internet search engine.

Internet search engines are special sites on the Web that are designed to help people find information stored on other sites. There are differences in the ways various search engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks:

• They search the Internet -- or select pieces of the Internet -- based on important words.
• They keep an index of the words they find, and where they find them.
• They allow users to look for words or combinations of words found in that index.

Early search engines held an index of a few hundred thousand pages and documents, and received maybe one or two thousand inquiries each day. Today, a top search engine will index hundreds of millions of pages, and respond to tens of millions of queries per day. In this article, we'll tell you how these major tasks are performed, and how Internet search engines put the pieces together in order to let you find the information you need on the Web.

Example of 5 Search engines on the internet.

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Good websites and Bias information

Good Websites 

• Are impeccably clean
• Have personality
• Stand out
• Are extremely effective
• Are well thought out and usable

Example

• Google
• Facebook
• Twitter

Bias Information

Bias includes racism, sexism, classism, elitism, favoritism and of course ethnic discrimination. It includes discrimination based a criminal record or being underrepresented in the justice system.  Intelligence, beauty and physical ability are also some other factors regarding bias. Religious bias exists as well. Bias can also be part of a “point of view” that includes personal preference, politics, and simple likes and dislikes. There is a whole spectrum related to bias.What is important to recognize; the vast majority and positively most information is biased.

Example

Rracism

Elitism

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